集束化管理预防肝移植患者术后肺部感染的效果

目的探讨集束化管理预防肝移植患者术后肺部感染的效果,以降低肺部感染发病率。方法选择2016年1月—2017年12月某院肝胆外科行肝移植的患者为研究对象。2016年1月—2017年3月的患者为对照组,实施常规护理措施,2017年4—12月的患者为试验组,实施集束化肺部管理。比较两组患者肺部感染发病率、肺不张发生率、第一次下床活动时间、住院费用和患者满意度。结果对照组共110例肝移植患者,试验组67例肝移植患者。两组患者均顺利完成手术。试验组肺部感染发病率为6.0％,低于对照组的16.4％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。试验组肺不张发生率为7.5％,低于对照组的18.2％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。试验组第一次下床活动时间为（83.81±7.56）h ,短于对照组的（91.67±13.93）h,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。试验组住院时间为（30.22±3.23）d ,短于对照组的（31.49±4.34）d,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。试验组患者对护理的总体满意度为92.5％,优于对照组的78.2％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论采用集束化管理能有效降低肝移植患者术后肺部感染发病率、肺不张发生率,缩短卧床时间及住院时间,提高患者满意度。     

倾向指数匹配法在医院感染经济负担评价中的应用

目的应用倾向指数匹配法(PSM)提高各协变量的均衡性,为医院感染经济负担评价提供新方法。方法选取某大型综合医院2015年1月1日—2016年12月31日出院的158 976例患者为研究对象,使用SPSS22.0软件对医院感染患者和非医院感染患者进行1∶1的PSM匹配,采用匹配后的均衡数据库分析医院感染对患者住院天数和住院费用的影响。结果经PSM共成功匹配2 388对,匹配成功比率为97.75%,匹配后医院感染组和非医院感染组组间协变量各组比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。医院感染组和非医院感染组患者住院时间中位数分别为21、10 d,中位数差值为11 d,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。医院感染组和非医院感染组患者住院总费用中位数分别为33 618.38、15 004.93元,中位数差值为18 613.45元,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。除其他费用无统计学差异外,医院感染组床位费、西药费、中药费、治疗费、检查费、化验费、诊查费、护理费、输血费、手术费、材料费、麻醉费均高于非医院感染组(均P0.05),其中两组间西药费差值最大,为6 987.00元。结论 PSM结果显示医院感染造成了严重的经济负担,PSM可以为医院感染经济负担评价提供新方法。     

完全植入式静脉输液港相关感染的危险因素

目的了解完全植入式静脉输液港相关感染发病情况,探讨其危险因素。方法选取河南省某三甲医院2013年1月—2016年12月使用完全植入式静脉输液港的2 098例乳腺癌患者为研究对象。采用巢式病例对照研究方法,以监测期间出现输液港相关感染的26例患者为病例组,按照1∶2的比例,随机选取同期进行该类手术的52例患者为对照组,比较两组在一般资料、研究指标方面的差异。采用logistic回归模型进行输液港相关感染的危险因素分析。结果监测期间,输液港植入患者共置管274 838 d,26例患者发生输液港相关感染,发病率为1.24%,日发病率为0.09‰;感染病原体以表皮葡萄球菌为主(占30.77%);有糖尿病史(OR=3.61,95%CI:1.27~10.11)、置港时长≥90 d(OR=4.71,95%CI:1.65~13.22)、手术时长≥40 min(OR=3.60,95%CI:1.34~9.64)为患者发生输液港相关感染的独立危险因素。结论应加强对植入输液港患者的监测和随访,特别是对患有糖尿病、置管时间长、手术时间长的患者更应密切关注,以利于输液港相关感染的预防与控制。     

心脏人工瓣膜术后真菌性心内膜炎2例报告及治疗策略文献综述

目的探讨心脏人工瓣膜置换术后真菌性心内膜炎的治疗策略。方法对2例心脏人工瓣膜术后并发严重真菌感染病例进行回顾性分析,并进行相关文献复习。结果 2例患者术后并发真菌性心内膜炎,均影响瓣膜功能,术后均反复住院,病例一,心脏术后45 d出现发热,返院复诊,予以急诊在体外循环下行再次二尖瓣置换术,术后赘生物培养为黄曲霉菌;病例二,心脏术后5个月在体外循环下行主动脉壁赘生物清除,术后赘生物病理提示毛霉菌。2例患者均及时手术清除感染灶并进行规范抗真菌治疗,曲霉菌感染患者抢救无效,毛霉菌感染患者治愈,后者抗真菌治疗强度更大。结论心脏人工瓣膜置换术后并发真菌性心内膜炎,预防是关键,治疗要及时、有效,抗真菌药物必须足量、足疗程。     

一所三级综合医院安全注射管理效果的多维度评价

目的探讨科学有效的安全注射管理方法,为提高安全注射行为依从率、实现安全注射持续改进提供参考。方法制定安全注射专项工作方案,开展基线调查和安全注射相关培训,制定安全注射制度和标准操作规程,加强现场督导检查和考核,比较干预前(2016年5月基线调查)、干预后(2017年)安全注射设施配置合格率、理论考试成绩、行为依从率、锐器伤发生率等量化指标的变化。结果通过综合干预,全院安全注射各项设施配置率均97%,各项医疗废物规范处置合格率均93%,速干手消剂全院实际平均消耗量从(5.56±2.13)mL/床·日,增加至(9.95±5.38)mL/床·日;医院工作人员安全注射知识考试平均成绩由干预前的(71.20±12.22)分,上升至干预后的(92.59±5.99)分;干预前医务人员安全注射依从率为62.50%,干预后为88.53%,各组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。一周内全院锐器伤例次上报率从干预前的15.79%上升至干预后的71.43%;全年各科室锐器伤例次发生率、每百住院日例次发生率分别从干预前的9.98%和0.0276%,下降至干预后的5.31%、0.0168%,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论有效的综合干预措施,可以强化安全注射意识,提高安全注射行为依从率,有效防范因非安全注射导致的医务人员职业伤害事件的发生,阻断医院感染传播。     

Exploring the roles and factors influencing community health workers’ performance in managing and referring severe acute malnutrition cases in two subdistricts in South Africa

As primary providers of preventive and curative community case management services in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), community health workers (CHWs) have emerged as a formalised part of the health system (HS). However, discourses on their practices as formalised cadres of the HS are limited. Therefore, we examined their role in care, referral (to clinics) and rehabilitation of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) cases. Focusing on SAM was essential since it is a global public health problem associated with 30% of all South Africa's (SA's) child deaths in 2015. Guided by a policy analysis framework, a qualitative case study was conducted in two rural subdistricts of North West province. From April to August 2016, data collected from CHW's training manuals and guideline reviews, 20 patient record reviews and 15 in‐depth interviews with four CHW leaders and 11 CHWs. Using thematic content analysis which was guided by the Walt and Gilson policy triangle, data was manually analysed to derive emerging themes on case management and administrative structures. The study found that although CHWs were responsible for identifying, referring, and rehabilitating SAM cases, they neglected curative roles of stabilisation before referral and treatment of uncomplicated cases. Such limitations resulted from restrictive CHW policies, inadequate training, lack of supportive supervision and essential resources. Concurrently, the CHW program was based on weak operational and administrative structures which challenged CHWs practices. Poor curative components and weak operational structures in this context compromised the use of CHWs in LMICs to strengthen primary healthcare. If CHWs are to contribute to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 by reducing SAM mortality, strategies on community management of acute malnutrition coupled with thorough training, supportive supervision, firm operational structures, adequate resources and providers’ motivation should be adopted by governments.     

Vouchers for primary healthcare services in an ageing world? The perspectives of elderly voucher recipients in Hong Kong

Considering the ageing population in economically advanced regions across the world, measures are necessary to enhance the health of the older population as well as contain public healthcare spending. Hong Kong implements the Elderly Health Care Voucher Scheme (EHCVS), providing older people aged 65 or above an annual subsidy of visiting private healthcare service providers for chronic disease prevention and management. The services also aim at reallocating demand from the public to private sector as well as improve quality of services. This qualitative study explored the experiences of EHCVS recipients (n = 55, aged 61–94) with eight focus group interviews in Hong Kong in the year 2016. Convenience sampling was used. Research questions were: (1) Why do older people choose not to use EHCVS for preventive as well as disease management services among older people in Hong Kong? (2) What are the barriers to reallocating demand from the public to private sector? (3) In what ways did EHCVS improve the quality of primary care services for older people? Using a deductive and inductive approach, eight qualitative themes were identified. Findings suggested that the non‐targeted services and inadequate knowledge on EHCVS deterred older people from using the vouchers for disease management and prevention. The relatively expensive private services, lack of trust in the private sector, low public clinic fees and good services quality of the public sector, together with inadequate private practitioners in the healthcare market were barriers that hinder demand reallocation. Nevertheless, the quality of primary care services had been improved after the implementation of EHCVS with shortened wait times and opportunities to discuss health‐related issues with private practitioners. Findings were discussed with practice, policy and research implications.     

欧盟跨境就医管理模式对中国跨省异地就医的经验借鉴

随着欧洲一体化进程的深入,如何有序管理公民在各成员国之间跨境就医成为欧盟一项重要议题。多年来欧盟社会医疗保险在保障患者跨境就医上已建立一套较为完善的管理模式并受到全世界关注,其社会保障的实践对我国跨省异地就医管理具有借鉴意义。本研究通过系统梳理欧盟跨境就医管理模式,并着重比较欧盟与中国在异地就医对象、异地就医授权、服务机构、就医服务类型、异地医保报销五个方面的异同,为进一步完善我国跨省异地就医管理提供经验借鉴。本研究建议,各省应同步推进跨省就医政策,加快相关工作的落实;增强参保地医保管理机构的审核权限和能力以构建有序就医秩序;同时,在严格审核下拓宽更加合理的跨省就医服务机构网络;最后,鉴于医保对异地就医机构行为缺乏了解,应通过国家异地就医网络,加强医疗机构提供异地就医服务中的监管。     

复旦儿科医联体双向转诊在上海市松江区的实践与成效

 目的 建立并完善上海市松江区复旦儿科医联体双向转诊体系,提高儿科转诊效率和质量。方法 以复旦儿科医联体为平台,采用横断面调查分析2019年3月至2020年12月松江区中心医院儿科转诊至复旦大学附属儿科医院的患儿基本特征、转诊类型以及转诊至儿科各亚专科的病种情况。分析比较2020年与2019年转诊病例的病种分布特点、实际就诊数量、失访数量及有效转诊率。结果 2019—2020年松江区中心医院儿科通过复旦儿科医联体平台共转诊306例患儿,年龄最小为出生后1小时,最大为14岁2个月,以1~6岁幼儿和大于6岁学龄期儿童为主,分别占36.9%和41.8%。依据患儿病情特点建立新生儿、危重症患儿、专科疾病三分类转诊流程,其中专科疾病转诊234例（76.5%）、危重症转诊44例（14.4%）、新生儿转诊28例（9.2%）。2020年与2019年转诊病例在性别、年龄分布、转诊类型方面无显著差异（P > 0.05）。2019年转诊病例实际就诊101例,有效转诊率65.6%。改进转诊登记-随访-反馈一体化管理体系后,2020年转诊病例实际就诊122例,有效转诊率80.3%,较2019年有显著提升（P=0.004）。儿科转诊需求最多的亚专科前3位是：急诊内科、神经内科、感染科及儿外科（并列第三）。结论 依据病情分类转诊可以为患儿提供最及时、最高效的优质医疗服务。通过“转诊登记-随访-反馈”一体化双向转诊体系显著提高了松江区中心医院儿科转诊率和质量。     

智慧医院互联网化服务设计与应用研究

以北京大学第三医院互联网诊疗服务应用为例,介绍智慧医院互联网化服务体系与安全体系设计以及具体应用实践,阐述智慧医院互联网诊疗服务构建策略。